2.4 ghz metamaterial cst microwave studio

2.4 ghz metamaterial cst microwave studio software#
2.4 ghz metamaterial cst microwave studio series#

Where R 1 is the internal resistance exiting from resonator 1 and R 2 is considered the load at the output thatвЂ™s connected with resonator N. The scattering parameters of the filter are calculated by eqs. The coupling coefficient between resonators i and j is denoted by M ij = M ji. This simple schematic diagram shows a BPF with a number of coupled resonators.ДЇigure 1 illustrates a network of multiple coupled-loss resonators. Where П‰Вґ is the variable angular frequency, R is return loss, and П‰ nВґ is the location of the nth transmission zero.ДЎ. The transmission function S 21 (П‰Вґ) is given by refs. Filter synthesis is based on extracting the desired coupling coefficient between resonators and the external quality factor at the input and the output resonator. Although other coupling techniques are known, the optimization method is also effective. ItвЂ™s possible to synthesize coupled filters using an optimization technique.

2.4 ghz metamaterial cst microwave studio software#

Commercial computer-aided-engineering (CAE) software was used for the full-wave performance simulations of the filters, CST Microwave Studio software from CST ( with simultations validated by measurements of fabricated prototype filters. To better understand the design of SRR-based BPFs, the designs of SRR BPFs of two different orders will be presented, with objectives of achieving compact sizes with high out-of-band rejection (high selectivity). 40-42 On top of that, coupled metamaterial SRRs have been used to introduce high-selectivity BPFs. 37-39 Also, the compactness of an SRR-based filter is achieved due to the capacitive coupling introduced between the inner and outer rings. SRRs have been applied for microstrip BPFs to achieve the filter compactness because these resonators can be designed with dimensions smaller than the signal wavelength at their resonant frequency. 36 Depending on the employment configuration of SRRs, they have been used to represent SNG metamaterial. SRRs were originally proposed by Pendry et al. They have been suggested for use in to many filters.

2.4 ghz metamaterial cst microwave studio series#

29-31 CRLH transmission lines (TLs) which are realized by periodically loading a conventional TL with series capacitors and shunt inductors, are nonresonant structures. Metamaterials have been realized employing either composite-right-left-handed transmission lines (CRLH) or split-ring resonators (SRRs) or as complementary split ring resonators (CSRRs). Metamaterials are single-negative (SNG) material (in terms of permittivity or permeability) or double-negative (DNG) media. Studies revealed that the same EM properties at microwave frequency bands cannot be obtained with conventional materials. 24-28 However, employing DGS requires double ground processing, which further complicates the filter design.ДЄrtificial dielectric metamaterial (composite) structures have been shown to exhibit novel electromagnetic (EM) properties. 19-21ДЇor microstrip open-loop resonator filters, several attempts have been made to reduce the resonator size by changing its structure, such as by using an open-loop folded half-wavelength resonator, 21,22 modified shapes, 19,23 and defected ground structures (DGSs). Three types of coupling methods are used in these filters: electric coupling, magnetic coupling, and mixed coupling. 14-18 The open-loop resonator is constructed by adding half-wave-length microstrip lines with a certain coupling structure to achieve the required filter performance. Open-loop resonators have often been used in microwave filter design. 11-13ДЄnother important choice in the design of a filter regards the physical elements, which will impact the filter response and size. 4-10 Hence, many filter designs incorporate transmission-line zeros. For example, cross-coupling between nonadjacent resonators allows for creation of alternative signal paths from filter input to output ports, so that a complete transmission zero can be introduced at certain frequencies. This can be done with different design approaches. The cutoff points for the rejection bands of a BPF are located by attenuation poles or transmission zeros at finite frequencies. The secret lies in the use of metamaterials. Several techniques are used to design microwave BPFs, 1-4 although the authors have developed an approach that delivers BPFs with extremely low passband insertion loss in smaller-than-conventional sizes. As such systems become more compact, BPFs must meet more demanding requirements for smaller size, lower insertion loss, higher out-of-band rejection (selectivity), and lower cost. Microwave bandpass filters (BPFs) are essential for maintaining separate channels in wireless communications systems.